The wall of pain, often abbreviated to WoP, is a Jigglypuff technique in Super Smash Bros. Melee, which involves barraging the opponent with repeated back aerials, exploiting Jigglypuff's high horizontal air speed to continuously follow the opponent in their knockback trajectory. The Wall of Pain is one of the most powerful edgeguarding techniques in the game, as multiple back airs will often send the opponent too far off stage to recover, while Jigglypuff can almost always make it back safely, due to its aforementioned air speed and high amount of jumps. Even if the wall of pain doesn't manage to KO, it can still rack up significant damage and leave the opponent in a disadvantageous position to try and get back on stage.
The wall of pain can technically be performed in all Super Smash Bros. games, but it is most effective in Melee due to the game's hitstun and air dodge mechanics.
Overview
Tetsuya and AOB were the earliest prominent users of the technique, and they are largely responsible for its widespread use. The term "wall of pain" was coined by SmashBoards administrator and retired smasher Amorasaki, a longtime friend of AOB.
To initiate the wall of pain, the Jigglypuff player hits the opponent with a back aerial in the direction of the edge of the stage, typically at low to mid percents. After each bair, the Jigglypuff moves and jumps in the direction of the opponent's knockback trajectory and follows up with another bair. The Jigglypuff continues interspacing bairs and jumps until it runs out of jumps, or the opponent has been sent far enough offstage where they cannot recover.
After a wall of pain, the opponent will often be too far offstage to properly recover, resulting in a stock loss. If the opponent does recover, they will have sustained significant damage, and upon reaching the ledge, are subject to more pressure from the Jigglypuff in order to make it safely back onstage.
The wall of pain is not nearly as effective in the other Smash games when compared to Melee. In Smash 64, Jigglypuff's lesser jumping abilities prevent it from continuing the combo for as long, while more effective finishing combos exist due to the game's increased hitstun.
In Brawl, due to the introduction of Hitstun canceling, the wall of pain is no longer a true combo; opponents can simply air dodge to escape it, or counterattack with a move of their own. (Air dodging is not an option to escape the wall of pain in Melee because it causes helplessness, meaning that the opponent cannot recover.) Thus, while the wall of pain can technically still be performed, the technique is no longer a viable edgeguarding maneuver, as Jigglypuff now has other, superior options.
In Smash 4, hitstun canceling has been mostly toned down, but Jigglypuff's back aerial has much more knockback, now being designed as a finisher rather than a combo move, which makes it easier to finish a WoP with a back aerial but harder to keep one going. As such, most WoPs in Smash 4 generally utilize Jigglypuff's forward aerial (and neutral aerial as a finisher) instead.
Other characters
While other characters also have WoP techniques, they lack the required air speed or falling speed in order to fully emulate Jigglypuff's wall of pain and be able to return to the stage safely. Bayonetta, Pit and Dark Pit, King Dedede, Kirby, Meta Knight and Mewtwo can perform similar techniques in Smash 4, and some other characters, such as Captain Falcon in Melee, may have "pseudo-Wall of Pains" with similar outcomes, which are not based on a back air. These characters lack either the horizontal air speed or multiple jumps, rendering these techniques less effective compared to the original wall of pain in Melee.